Politics
Particle physics
Elementary particles
All elementary particles are either fermions, which are particles normally associated with matter and have half-integer spin, or bosons, which are associated with fundamental forces and have integer spin.
Fermions
Fermions, the fundamentl particles of matters, consist of quarks and leptons.
Quarks
up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom. Quarks combines to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are
protons and neutrons.
Leptons
Electrons, neutrinos, muon, tau
Bosons
Gauge bosons and other bosons
Gauge bosons
gluon, W and Z bosons, photon
Other bosons
Higgs boson and graviton
Fundamental forces
electromagnetism, strong interaction, weak interaction (also known as "strong" and "weak nuclear force") and gravitation
Spin
spin is a fundamental characteristic property of elementary particles, composite particles (hadrons), and atomic nuclei. Wolfgang Pauli was the first to propose the concept of spin.
When Paul Dirac derived his relativistic quantum mechanics in 1928, electron spin was an essential part thereof.